Banking industry all over the world is passing through tough times now. Indian banking industry is right now facing perhaps the biggest crisis in its history. A series of scams and huge defaults in the corporate sector coupled with unscientific loan waivers have pushed the industry to its worst phase. The banking system of a country which successfully withstood the banking crisis of 2008 is facing its most difficult test a decade later. Serious questions are being asked about necessity of continuing of Public Sector Banks. Certain developments in private sector banks are also posing serious threats. Bankers at all levels are passing through turbulent times. On the other side, there is abundant scope for growth in line with the growing economy of the country. Growth opportunities in resource mobilisation are constantly increasing with channelizing of savings from domestic sector and inflow of investment funds from abroad. Financial inclusion targeting sections of the society who were left behind earlier is also contributing its mite here. Expectations of higher growth in the economy are likely to drive credit growth further and provide channels for profitable credit dispensation, despite concerns of bad loans (NPAs). Higher demand for credit from service sector and savings generated from “Generation Y” is contributing its share for growth of the economy and thereby BFSI sector. Higher absorption of technology leading to development of innovative products coupled with upswing in use of alternate delivery channels (ADCs) would ensure the continuation of this trend for the next decade.
Amidst all these happenings, there is a major cause of
concern for the BFSI industry. Challenges on the financial front can be
met with the available resources, innovation in technology and expanded product range.
But needs on the human resources front requires a focused and revised strategy
to remedy the crisis that has already set in and is threatening the very foundations
of the industry. This is an attempt to discusses the situation prevailing in the industry on this front and suggests
alternative strategies for talent management in the banks.
Overview
Social control over banks followed by nationalisation
of major banks in 1969 and 1980 changed banking in India from “Class banking”
to “Mass Banking”. Large branch
expansion in the 1970s and early 1980s was a watershed in the Indian Banking
Industry. Priority sector lending and
expansion in rural and unbanked areas necessitated opening of large number of
branches in nooks and corners of the country. Banking operations were handled manually at that time and most of the
operations were done by clerical and first level officers. Entire operations were being done as per the
directives of RBI and banks did not have any freedom to frame their own
policies to develop and monitor different segments of banking. The manpower
requirement was met by large scale recruitment of clerical and Probationary
Officers. Basic knowledge of RBI and bank guidelines was the requirement for
these posts. There was hardly any need
for additional skills or specialist employees. Even credit management was
subject to “Selective Credit Controls” and “Credit Authorisation”. Mere
recruitment of young men and women from the employment market was sufficient to
meet the HR needs. As there was no additional skill requirement at higher
levels, internal promotions took care of the requirement at the middle and
higher levels as well. Internal training system of banks with apex training
colleges supported by regional/zonal training centres met the needs of training
and development of staff and officers.
Financial Sector reforms and advent of Globalisation
and Liberalisation in 1991 marked the next major development in both business
composition and HR processes. This
brought in increased liberalisation and freedom to banks for formulating their
own policies, products and strategies. Large
scale computerisation and use of new technology changed the complexion of the
industry and its contours. Introduction
of “Core Banking Solutions” (CBS)
and advent of new generation of private sector banks changed rules of the
game. Focus on the business front shifted
from “Deposit Mobilisation” and “Priority Sector lending” to “Profitability”. Each
branch was expected to be a profit centre and cost cutting became a major
action point for banks. Increased use of CBS and other technology applications
resulted in large scale redundancy of staff brought up on manual operations. These
staff members, most of them past middle age, struggled to adapt to computerised
environment. Recruited in the 1970s and 1980s, they were drawing high
emoluments and were not involved in useful work. They could not take up the type of jobs that
were generated by the new environment. Thus banks were forced to think in terms
of “Golden Handshake” and “VRS schemes”. Staff members were encouraged to seek early
retirement and a “Recruitment Holiday” replaced the basic HR function of
recruitment and training.
The looming crisis
The above developments were not only necessary but
inevitable too. Stiff competition and stress on net interest margins were
indeed forcing cost cuts. Staff expenses being one of the biggest non-interest
demands naturally received due attention. But
in the maze of profitability and cost-cutting one vital factor was missed; that
of requirement of people with enhanced skills to run specialised areas of bank’s
functions. Talent management was lost sight of; recruitment freeze took its
toll and gradually shortage of skilled manpower started showing its impact. Banks
tried to train some of the existing staff to man these specialised seats and
met with limited success.
Early part of the last decade saw many more changes in
the use of technology and addition of variety of products and services. Technology
made large numbers of staff doing manual work redundant, but started creating
many new roles requiring manpower with higher skills. Universal banking and providing a wide range
of complex products and services needed highly skilled manpower. Ban on
recruitment had reduced quantity of manpower. Now there was shortage of quality
of manpower as well. A crisis was looming in the horizon.
Present scenario
Financial Inclusion has brought banking to a similar stage
as it was during nationalisation. More and more branches are being opened in
unbanked areas to cover every single person in the country with banking
facility. All extension counters have been converted into full-fledged branches
due to CBS advantage. There is a higher need for specialised branches to take
care of international trade finance, hi-tech agriculture, investment banking
and portfolio management and NRI banking. Risk management and technology
management have become new focus areas. The shortage of staff created by a long recruitment holiday is showing
its effects. Above all, large number of officers recruited in the 70s and 80s have retired or retiring. The vacuum in terms of
numbers is confounded by vacuum in talent availability.
In order to fill the vacancies arising out of
retirement of existing staff, recruitment has been speeded up. This has somewhat
filled the gap of manpower requirement at lower levels. But they are too
inexperienced to handle higher responsibilities. Faster promotions to higher
levels have become the norm. Some banks
could not find the required number of candidates to meet the targets for
internal promotions even after relaxing eligibility norms in terms of length of
service. Promoted officers are with inadequate experience. A yawning gap in
requirements for managing positions and potential available in promotes has
surfaced. Retirement of over 150,000 mid-level managers in the next three years
is going to increase the problem manifold. There
is a severe shortage of trained manpower at each level in middle management. This
will extend to senior management level in a few years. This situation
threatens the very foundations of sound management of banks in the coming
years. This also has a significant impact on the productivity and quality of
banking services to the clientele, many of whom are from the next generation. A hallmark of this generation is the
expectation of quick and quality service and impatience to tolerate
inefficiency. The situation requires drastic remedies and without any
delay.
A part of this manpower gap is being filled by
recruitment of specialist officers directly to middle level manager positions. Credit management, risk management and technical officers are thus recruited.
These people are also to be trained in some degree of basic banking operations
before they can effectively discharge their duties for their assigned special
positions.
One possible solution to this crisis is providing
intensive and focused training to these newly promoted and recruited middle
level managers. Who should give them this type of focused training? Banks internal training system is unable to
meet this need as senior trainers have themselves retired or retiring shortly.
There is a shortage of skilled trainers
and internal training programs tend to become stereotyped in such situations. Exposure
of the middle level managers to interaction with similar workforce from other
banks will bring a whiff of fresh air in the training dimensions. Cost of
extending the training infrastructure is also an issue in the background of
shortage of resources. Any extension of
the training infrastructure would result in an unused capacity in a few years
as the situation will reach a new equilibrium in the next five or six years.
Importance of middle
management
Middle management professionals are the key functionaries
of any institution. While the Generals
plan a war and the foot soldiers fight it out, it is the Majors and Colonels
that actually win the wars. Middle management cadre acts as the bridge
between front line staff and customers. They are the key decision makers in the
chain with front line staff on one side and policy makers at the other. Lending
portfolio and recovery mechanism is the key to the profitability of any bank. Large
volume of credit dispensation in banks takes place through “ELBs and VLBs”. These
extra-large branches and very large branches are usually headed by AGMs and
Chief Managers. These positions are endowed with substantial credit sanction
powers, often ranging up to Rupees 10 crores to 20 crores. Higher corporate
lending also takes place through such branches and monitoring health of such Borrowers accounts requires specialised skills. Similarly, these positions are crucial in administrative and corporate
offices as well as all major implementation and monitoring is done by such
officers. A quick action by banks now can retrieve the situation of shortage
and skill deficiency and remedy it before these high positions are managed by
junior and under equipped managers.
The solution
The possible solutions for resolving the present “Talent management Crisis” in the BFSI
industry revolves on the following key areas:
- Preparing a blueprint of manpower requirement for the next 5 to 10 years, especially at the junior and middle management levels. Such plan should take into account projected requirement for expansion as well.
- Recruiting junior level (entry level) officers after identifying them and getting them trained by a reputed training agency/institution, on a no-cost basis.
- Meeting identified training requirements of existing staff without creating idle capacity in the internal training establishment.
- Providing exposure to the middle level managers already promoted and likely to be promoted shortly in training programs with similar managers from other banking institutions.
- Utilising the services of experienced training professionals and ex-industry trainers and leaders to bridge the trainer requirement gap.
- Tying up with a strategic training partner who provides bank-specific training, both in general banking and specialised functional areas. Short term training programs, say one to two weeks for middle level managers is the key to bridge the training gap.
- Retraining the managers put through such training at periodical interval to update skills and build confidence levels.
- Concentrating on core business activities and enlisting the support of a trusted partner for jointly managing the present talent crisis.
- Well established and reputed training institutions who have specialised in training manpower for banking industry have a vital role in supporting such initiatives. The global standard infrastructure, well-set training system coupled with experienced faculty meets the important requirements for conducting such programs. Programs may be tailor made for the requirements of each bank drawing from the extensive support of each bank.
The present “Talent Management Crisis” in banks can be
met by aligning with a suitable strategic training partner who provides
cost-effective and competitive model of training to both existing employees as
well as ready-to-employ candidates on an on-going basis. Providing specialised re-training to middle level managers provides an
effective core management team for the present and a pool of talent for meeting
future top level management personnel thereafter.
